Growing Concerns About PFAS in Data Centres

The rapid advancement of technology has driven increasing demand for data centres, which underpin services such as cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and streaming. As computing power increases, so does the heat generated by these facilities, creating a need for more efficient cooling technologies. While traditionally cooled using air, data centres are increasingly adopting liquid-cooling systems. However, despite their thermal and energy-efficiency benefits, these systems raise environmental concerns, particularly due to the potential use of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS).

Why PFAS Are Raising New Concerns Around Data Centres

In recent years, the technological landscape has rapidly evolved, with data centres at the forefront of this transformation. These centres are the backbone of our digital world, supporting everything from cloud computing to streaming services. Traditionally, data centres have relied on air cooling systems to prevent overheating. However, as demand for faster and more efficient technology grows, many data centres are turning to liquid cooling systems. While this innovation offers numerous benefits, it also raises environmental concerns, particularly regarding the use of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS).

The Shift to Liquid Cooling

The race to build data centres capable of powering the artificial intelligence boom is creating a new environmental dilemma. As operators search for ways to manage the enormous heat generated by increasingly powerful servers, some are turning towards advanced liquid-cooling technologies.

The issue is becoming increasingly relevant as data-centre water consumption comes under scrutiny. Rystad Energy estimates that data centres consumed around 222 billion litres of water directly for cooling in 2025. Without significant efficiency improvements, that figure could approach 644 billion litres a year by 2030.

However, in the effort to reduce one environmental burden, water consumption, the industry may be creating another: exposure to PFAS, the persistent chemicals widely known as “forever chemicals”.
Liquid cooling is increasingly favoured because it offers superior thermal management compared to conventional air cooling. By using liquids to absorb and dissipate heat, data centres can operate more efficiently, reducing energy consumption and costs. This method is particularly beneficial for high-performance computing systems that generate significant heat. Liquid cooling allows these systems to maintain optimal performance without the risk of overheating.

Moreover, liquid cooling systems can be more compact than air cooling systems, saving valuable space in densely packed data centres. This efficiency, combined with potential reductions in carbon footprint, makes liquid cooling an attractive option for companies aiming to enhance their sustainability credentials.

Understanding PFAS

PFAS are a group of human-made chemicals used in various industrial applications due to their resistance to heat, water, and oil. They are often referred to as “forever chemicals” because they do not break down easily in the environment, leading to potential long-term contamination issues. PFAS have been used in products ranging from firefighting foams to non-stick cookware and, more recently, in certain liquid cooling systems.

The durability and stability of PFAS make them appealing for use in cooling technologies, but these same properties pose significant environmental and health risks. PFAS have been linked to adverse health effects, including cancer, liver damage, and developmental issues in children. Their persistence in the environment raises concerns about accumulation in water supplies and ecosystems, posing risks to both human and wildlife health.

The Environmental Impact of PFAS in Data Centres

As data centres transition to liquid cooling systems, the potential for PFAS contamination becomes a pressing issue. The use of PFAS in cooling systems could lead to accidental leaks or spills, resulting in environmental contamination. This is particularly concerning given the high volume of liquid used in large data centres.

The challenge lies in balancing the benefits of liquid cooling with the need to protect the environment and public health. While the efficiency gains and energy savings of liquid cooling are undeniable, the potential for PFAS-related environmental harm cannot be overlooked. Companies must consider not only the immediate advantages of liquid cooling but also the long-term implications of PFAS use.

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